ʻO ka ʻoihana Topography

I kekahi manawa ua lohe ʻoe e pili ana i ka pono e loaʻa nā ana o ana ʻoiaʻiʻo? A ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia he mea ʻē iā ʻoe, ua noʻonoʻo paha ʻoe i ke ʻano o kāna hana ... ʻē, e wehewehe iki mākou e pili ana i kēia loea loea hoihoi, pehea e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke aʻo ma Sepania a i kēlā a me kēlā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe. pili pololei ia me.

ʻO ka hua'ōlelo palapala ʻāina ʻāina No Helene ia a no laila ua haku ʻia i ʻelua mau huaʻōlelo: "topo" (wahi) a me "nā kiʻi" (kaha kiʻi / hōʻike). Hiki i kēia ke hāʻawi iā mākou i kahi manaʻo nui o ka pahuhopu nui o kēia ʻoihana, e pili ana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka hana ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona kiʻi o kahi, i kēia hihia o ka honua. ʻLelo ʻia hana ʻia nā hōʻike ma muli o nā hana helu ʻokoʻa hāʻawi i nā hopena pololei loa. ʻO ka hana o ke ana ʻana, nā helu a me nā hiʻohiʻona o kēia mau mea ma ka palapala ʻāina a i ʻole ke kiʻi topographic ka mea i ʻike ʻia ana ʻāina ʻāina.

ʻOiai palapala ʻāina ʻāina hiki ke uhi i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a i ʻole hoʻolōʻihi o ka ʻāina, ma o nā hiʻohiʻona pālahalaha, nā 'O Geodesy (kekahi ʻepekema ʻē aʻe i hoʻohui ʻia i Topography) uhi i kahi pālākiō lunamakaʻāinana nui a i kahi nui aku. ʻO ka ana hoʻohana i nā mea hana like ʻole e ana i ka nā kaulike a me nā ana o ka ʻili o ka honua (panana, theodolite, odometer, ...) a me nā polokalamu kikoʻī a kikoʻī hoʻi no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka hoʻolālā topographic a palapala ʻāina paha.

Pono kā lākou hana i ka ke kūkulu ʻana ʻoiai hiki iā ia ke hoʻomākaukau i nā noiʻi kūpono a hoʻoholo pololei i nā kikoʻī o ka ʻāina, e like me ka kaulike ʻole, no ka laʻana, e māka ana i ka hiki ke hoʻokō i nā hana. Hoʻokumu ʻia kāna hana ma helu pākaukau makemakika (nā kūkulu, nā nui, nā polygons ...), no laila hoʻohana ia i nā lālā ʻokoʻa o kēia ʻepekema e like me nui aljabar aiʻole trigonometry. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻenehana e ana i nā kaulike i ka mea i ʻike ʻia ʻo photogrammetry.

Ma Sepania aia kahi 'Enekinia' enekinia, i Topography, ka lōʻihi o 3 mau makahiki, a me ka manawa kūpono o ka hoʻopau ʻana i kahi pōʻaiapuni ʻelua, i 'O Geodesy, ʻelua mau makahiki, i mea e hiki ai ke loaʻa a Ke kēkelē ʻoi aku i ka ʻenehana. ʻO ka māhele o ʻoihana ʻoihana Nānā ʻia i loko o ke kūkākūkā ʻana, i nā meaola lehulehu a me nā ʻoihana pilikino o ke kūkulu ʻana, o ka mahiʻai mahiʻai a i ʻole nā ​​mea ulu lāʻau, o ka ʻāpana uila, etc.