Kufanelekile ukuqala ngokwenza kucace ukuba abantu banama-chromosomes aphakathi kwama-19 nama-23 amawaka emzimbeni. Usenokuba ulivile igama elithi "ufuzo" kunye negama "chromosome" amaxesha amaninzi ebomini bakho okanye mhlawumbi hayi ... Umahluko phakathi kwemfuza kunye neekromosomes kulula kakhulu ukuba uyazi ukuba yintoni na nganye.
Kuthekani nge-x chromosome, utshintsho, ii-alleles, kunye nohlobo lweekhowudi? Ukuba awuqinisekanga, mhlawumbi ucinga ukuba iigene kunye nee-chromosomes ziyafana ngokwaneleyo. Ke yintoni umahluko? Amalungu amancinci omzimba wethu ahluke kakhulu.
Iiseli kunye ne-DNA chain
Makhe siqale sithethe ngeebhloko zokwakha zomntu, iiseli (ezithathwe kwigama lesiLatini iiseli elithetha "igumbi elincinci"). Umzimba womntu unezigidi zezigidi zeeseli eziyimizi-mveliso emincinci enika ulwakhiwo lwayo. Iseli inamagumbi aliqela, ngalinye linoxanduva lomsebenzi walo. Elinye lamagumbi (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-organelle) yinyukliya equlathe yonke into yemfuza yoluntu okanye iDNA (imfutshane nge-deoxyribonucleic acid).
Ubume beMolekyuli ye-DNA yenziwe ngemicu emibini edibeneyo okanye iihelic ezibonakala ngathi zizinyuko ezijikelezayo. Endaweni yeleli, ezi helic zimbini zibanjwa ngokudibeneyo ziimolekyuli. Umtya ngamnye unento ebizwa ngokuba ngumqolo eyenziwe ngeeswekile kunye neephosphates. Lo mqolo ubophelela kwesinye seziseko ezine ze-nitrogen, i-adenine, i-guanine, i-thymine kunye ne-cytosine.
Ezi ziseko ze-nitrogen zibopha ezinye iziseko ze-nitrogen (ngokusebenzisa iibhondi ze-hydrogen) eziyinxalenye yelinye ikhonkco elineswekile efanayo kunye nomqolo we-phosphate. Oku kudityaniswa kwenzeka ngendlela ethile: i-guanine ihlala ihleli nge-cytosine kwaye ngokuchaseneyo, ngelixa i-thymine ihlala ibopha i-adenine. Le micu mibini iyajijisana. Banokungasikiswanga kwaye bahlukaniswe njengenxalenye yenkqubo entsonkothileyo nenhle yokuphindaphinda.
Ngapha koko, ukuphindaphinda kuxhomekeke kakhulu kulungelelwaniso lweziseko ze-nitrogen, njengoko zisenza ikhowudi yemfuza. Oonobumba baneeleta ezine, ezizezi, adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), kunye necytosine (C). Ezintathu kwezi ziseko ze-nitrojeni zenza oko kubizwa ngokuba zii-codon, ezidityaniswa ngoonobumba. Ikhowudi nganye ye-amino acid kunye nokulandelelana kwee-amino acid kunika iprotein. Ukubuyela umva kancinci, ufuzo lulandelelwano lwee-nucleotides ecaleni kwetyathanga le-DNA. Ke, ngamanye amagama, zofuzo zigcinwa ngaphakathi kwi-DNA strand, kwaye ezi zofuzo zivelisa ukukhula ukuya kwiiproteni.
Kodwa masibuyele ekujikeni kwe-helix ephindwe kabini. Inendima ekhethekileyo. Okwangoku, mhlawumbi uyazibuza ukuba kwenzeka njani ukuba umntu agcine yonke i-genome yomntu kwigumbi elinye leseli yomntu, i-nucleus. Igama elinye: ukujija. Kwaye amanye amagama amabini: ukujija okuqinileyo. Oku kukwabizwa ngokuba yi-super coiled, ejijeke kakhulu. Ke unokwazi ukuba ii-chromosomes yimicu ye-DNA ujikisene nyani ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokuba zibhijelwe kakhulu. Le kuphela kwendlela eya kuthi yonke ingcaciso ekwi-DNA ingene kwi-nucleus.
Ngamanye amagama, yonke into iqala kwinqanaba lamanqanaba e-A, T, C, G enza ikhonkco le-DNA. Le strand iyazisonga ijikeleze ezinye iiproteni, ekwabizwa ngokuba ziiproteni zethoni, kwaye yenze ubunzima obubizwa ngokuba yi-nucleus. Ulandelelwano lwee-nucleosomes emva koko lubhijela ngakumbi kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-solenoid, ebiphambi kokuba lonke ulwakhiwo lubambe kancinci ngakumbi kulwakhiwo lwechromosome.
Imfuza kunye nee-chromosomes azifani
I-nucleus nganye yeseli yomntu iqulethe ii-chromosomes ezingama-46 okanye iseti yee-autosomes ezingama-22 (iihomoni ezingezizo ezesini) kunye ne-chromosome enye yokwabelana ngesondo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-x chromosome. Lilonke xa zidibene, ngama-23 ama-chromosomes. Esinye isibini sizuze njengelifa eliyindoda (utata) kwaye esinye kubafazi (umama). Kuba i-chromosome nganye yixokelelwano elide kakhulu elidityaniswe nge-DNA elinemathiriyeli yemfuza okanye ii-genes, ii-chromosomes zezi compact kakhulu imixokelelwane yemfuza. Y kulapho kanye bahluke khona.
Imfuza yenziwe ngokulandelelana kwe-DNA, ngelixa ii-chromosomes zizinto ezipheleleyo ze-DNA ezipakishwe ngokusondeleyo ukuze zilingane kwiseli. Ke, yonke i-chromosome igqunywe yimfuza. Ngamanye amagama, i-chromosome inezakhi zofuzo ezininzi, ngelixa kungenakuthethwa ngenye indlela. Ngenxa nje yoko, ii-genes kunye ne-chromosomes azifani. Enye indlela mhlawumbi elula yokucinga kwindawo yokuhlala. Isakhiwo kunye nendlu ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo ayizizo izinto ezifanayo. Kwimeko enjalo, ii-gene zimelwe ngamagumbi, ngelixa ii-chromosomes zizakhiwo ezide ezibandakanya zonke izindlu. A) Ewe, Los zofuzo kunye nee-chromosomes abafani.
Kodwa kukho olunye uluhlu lolwazi. I-chromosome ineodade ababini be-chromatids. Udade ngamnye we-chromatid uzuzwe lilifa ngumama notata. Yiyo loo nto ichromosome nganye imile okwe-X. Ke, sele unombono ongcono ngomahluko phakathi kwee-chromosomes kunye nohlobo. Yintoni egqithisile, Uyayiqonda into yokuba ezi zinto zimbini azifani kwaye kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinto ezincinci ngaphakathi kwamagumbi anzulu emizimba yethu.